Functional Grammar
ICSE Class 10 · English · Chapter 5
What this chapter covers
- Prepositions
- Conjunctions and linkers
- Verbs and tenses: correct verb forms
- Subject-verb agreement
- Active and passive voice
- Direct and indirect speech
- Degrees of comparison
- Joining sentences
- Simple, compound and complex sentences
- Sentence correction
Key points
- Functional grammar means using grammatical forms correctly; ICSE Class X Question 5 tests prepositions, conjunctions, verbs and sentence structure.
- Use "at" for points of time, "on" for days and dates, "in" for longer periods; "since" gives a starting point and "for" a length of time.
- Fixed prepositions must be learnt in pairs: depend on, prefer to, different from, congratulate on, comply with.
- Coordinating conjunctions join equal parts; subordinating conjunctions introduce dependent clauses; correlative pairs must stay balanced.
- "Unless" never takes "not", "lest" takes "should", and "although" never pairs with "but".
- The present perfect never goes with a finished past time; the future after "when" or "if" uses the present simple.
- A verb agrees with its true subject; with "either...or" and "neither...nor" it agrees with the nearer subject.
- Passive voice uses the right tense of "be" plus the past participle; the object of the active becomes the subject.
- In indirect speech after a past reporting verb, tenses move one step back and words of nearness become words of distance.
- When changing degrees of comparison, "than any other" and "no other...as...as" keep the meaning of a superlative; "one of the" needs "most other" or "very few".
- "No sooner" pairs with "than", "hardly" and "scarcely" pair with "when", and all three invert the subject and verb.
- A simple sentence has one main clause, a compound sentence two or more main clauses, and a complex sentence one main clause with at least one subordinate clause.
Questions answered
Fill in the blanks with suitable prepositions: (a) She was born ___ 2010. (b) The match will be played ___ Sunday. (c) He is very fond ___ music.
What is a subordinating conjunction? Give two examples.
Why is "Unless you do not hurry, you will be late" wrong?
Fill in the blank with the correct form of "write": By next June, she ___ her first novel.
Choose the correct verb: Mathematics (is / are) my strongest subject.
Change into the passive voice: The workers are building a new bridge over the river.
Change into the passive voice: Who wrote this poem?
Change into indirect speech: Rina said, "I am going to the market now."
Past board exam questions
ICSE 2027 sample paper · 4 marks
(i) Fill in each numbered blank with the correct form of the word given in brackets after it. Do not copy the passage. Write the numbers in the correct serial order, and against each, the word/s appropriate to the blank it stands for. Example: (0) was The sun (0) __________ (be) near rising, and at the early hour of the morning all the jungle folk were on the move. Under a nearby tree I (1) __________ (find) a dry spot to which the saturating dew had not penetrated and with Robin (2) __________ (stretch) out at my feet, when suddenly a deer started (3) __________ (call) some sixty yards to our left front. Robin sat up and slowly turning his head looked at me, and, on (4) __________ (catch) my eye, as slowly, turned back in the direction of the calling deer. He (5) __________ (travel) far along the road of experience since that day he had first (6) __________ (hear) the alarm call of a langur and he (7) __________ (know) now, as did every bird and animal within hearing, that the deer (8) __________ (warn) the jungle folk of the presence of a leopard.
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ICSE 2027 sample paper · 4 marks
(ii) Fill in each blank with an appropriate word. You are required to write only one word. (a) Our brave soldiers prefer death __________ dishonour. (b) I intend to dispose __________ all my old notebooks after the annual examination. (c) Mrs Ray impressed __________ us the value of discipline. (d) He was sitting __________ his desk writing laboriously when I entered the room. (e) I am sorry I cannot comply __________ your request. (f) The old man was quarrelling with the shopkeeper __________ the price of vegetables. (g) One should not go __________ appearances. (h) The publishers recently brought __________ a new edition of the dictionary.
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ICSE 2027 sample paper · 1 mark
(iii) Choose the correct option to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so. 1. The Chief Guest arrived. The school band started playing immediately.
- Hardly had the Chief Guest arrived than the school band started playing.
- No sooner did the Chief Guest arrive when the school band started playing.
- No sooner did the Chief Guest arrive than the school band started playing.
- The Chief Guest arrived, the school band started playing soon.
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ICSE 2027 sample paper · 1 mark
(iii) Choose the correct option to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so. 2. Arjun does not know the rules of the gaming competition. Arif does not know the rules of the gaming competition.
- Arjun and Arif, both does not know the rules of the gaming competition.
- Arjun as well as Arif, does not know the rules of the gaming competition.
- Neither Arjun nor Arif knows the rules of the gaming competition.
- Neither Arjun nor Arif know the rules of the gaming competition.
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ICSE 2027 sample paper · 1 mark
(iii) Choose the correct option to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so. 3. The pupil was impolite. The teacher admonished her.
- Being impolite the teacher admonished the pupil.
- The teacher admonished the pupil because she was impolite.
- Though the pupil was impolite, the teacher admonished her.
- The pupil was impolite yet the teacher admonished her.
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ICSE 2027 sample paper · 1 mark
(iii) Choose the correct option to make one complete sentence without using and, but or so. 4. It was dark and windy. It was getting late.
- Besides getting late, it was also dark and very windy.
- Beside being dark and windy, it was getting late.
- Besides being dark and windy, it was getting late.
- Not only was it dark and windy but also it was getting late.
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ICSE 2027 sample paper · 1 mark
(iv) Choose the correct option and rewrite the sentence according to the instruction given after each. 1. Heena said, ‘Sohini, why did you not reach the office before 8 o’ clock?’ (Begin with: Heena asked Sohini…)
- Heena asked Sohini that why had she not reached the office before 8 o’ clock.
- Heena asked Sohini why she had not reached the office before 8 o’ clock.
- Heena asked Sohini why had she not reached the office before 8 o’ clock.
- Heena asked Sohini why she did not reach the office before 8 o’ clock.
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ICSE 2027 sample paper · 1 mark
(iv) Choose the correct option and rewrite the sentence according to the instruction given after each. 2. The students were discussing the examination results. (Begin with: The examination results …)
- The examination results were discussed by the students.
- The examination results were being discussed by the students.
- The examination results had been discussed by the students.
- The examination results are discussed by the students.